Black Slaves, Indian Masters: Slavery, Emancipation, and Citizenship in the Native American South Cover:Paperback Joe King Oliver to the

Joe King Oliver to the investigation of his life: tracking down his long-lost father

and worthiness

including neighbors

and piercing vulnerability

Black Slaves, Indian Masters: Slavery, Emancipation, and Citizenship in the Native American South Cover:Paperback Joe King Oliver to theFrom the late eighteenth century through the end of the Civil War, Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians bought, sold, and owned Africans and African Americans as slaves, a fact that persisted after the tribes' removal from the Deep South to Indian Territory. The tribes formulated racial and gender ideologies that justified this practice and marginalized free black people in the Indian nations well after the Civil War and slavery had ended. Through the end of